3.1. Based on the given articles, identify and discuss the literary forms/elements from the following:
a. Early Phil. Literature
b. Phil Literature in Spanish Colonial Period
c. Phil Literature in American Period
a. Early Philippine literature:
We Filipinos are aware of the literary form called baybayin. Moreover, it is our native alphabet way back, and it is not just our native alphabet, but it is a literary form that helped us form elements that have been part of our culture. One of the keenest elements is the song; 16 songs were established and used on various occasions. One of the created songs is a hele or uyayi; it is very famous up to now, it is singing lullabies to babies while putting them to sleep. The other form is a riddle or bugtong in Tagalog; In contrast, the Ilocanos called it burburtia - talinghaga is a form of metaphor, and the importance is transporting the meaning of the answer to the riddle. In addition, indigenous people use the form ambahan, which is a monorhyme heptasyllabic poem attributed to the Hanunuu-Mangyan ethnic group in Mindoro. Additionally, poetic forms are one of the established factors; usually, people in the centries call it tanaga, and it is a compact seven-syllable quatrain, unlike ambahan. Moreover, tanaga is not only rhyme and measure, but; exact mastery use of words is needed to create such puzzels and answers. Apart from them, one of the forms is also Tagalog adage; they generally call it salawikain or sawikain; however, they are called sarsarita in Ilocos. Proverbs are grouped into six by Professor Damiana Eugenio, depending on their subject matter. Additionally, the Philippine epics or ethno-epics is the most exciting part of the early Philippine literature in narrative forms along with narrative forms; it is popular that the Philipines have epic chants in a variety of rituals; Furthermore, there is a discovery of 100 extant epics in the Philippines it was found on the islands of Palawan.
b. Philippine Literature in Spanish Colonial Period:
This era was mainly oral, consisting of epics, legends, songs, riddles, and proverbs. However, literature changed when the ecclesiastical destroyed whatever written literature they found, thus making the system of writing terminal. Moreover, Mindoro's Mangyan and tagabanua's in Palawan have only survived the native writing. Furthermore, instead of continuing native languages, this Spanish era weakens it by replacing it with Christianity. On the contrary, God is not the same as heroes of oral epic traditions. Also, this era has become religious. Additionally, the printing press operated by religious orders; in consequence, religious themes dominated the culture of the Christianized majority. In contrast, native oral literature has continued whether it is secular or mythico-religious. Even among the colonization, the oral tradition persisted in such forms as Legends, sayings, wedding songs such as the balayan, and Parlor Theater such as theduplo. Furthermore, a native poetic drama called komedya has appeared in this era, and later people called Moro Moro - the inspiration of the creation was the secular literature in Spain in the form of medieval ballads during the 18th century. Jose de la Cruz made komedya remarkable by using the element of sophisticated style and making people recognize it using folk idioms. Furthermore, a mnemonic device, a stage set to develop prose.
c. Philippine Literature in American Period:
Education and culture have developed during the American period in the Philippines, which is significant and essential. In this era, a poem will always be present. Moreover, one of the literary forms is fiction, which has the element of storytelling and crafts of a short story - marked as an imitation of the style since this time Filipinos haven't mastered English fiction yet. In addition, newspapers have been changed in English before it was Spanish. Moreover, the play in this era has become seditious using the form of zarswuela mounted. Also, novels in different native languages like Tagalog, iloko, Hiligaynon, and sugbuanon have developed during this American period through steady publications of weekly magazines. Also, as we noticed, novels are usually about romance. Furthermore, poetry in all languages has continued to prosper and grow in all regions. Modernist poetry, which utilized free or blank verses, was intended more for silent reading than oral delivery has developed. Additionally, writers of fiction and poems are starting to use Tagalog as their language since most of the fictionists are also novelists. American period only prove that literature and writing in whatever language and in whatever climate can survive mainly through the active imagination of writers.
3.2. Discuss the significant developments of the following periods
a. Early Phil. Literature
b. Phil Literature in Spanish Colonial Period
c. Phil Literature in American Period
a) Early Philippine Literature:
The most crucial thing that developed in the early Philippine literature was the
baybayin replaced by roman alphabets that people are using until now.
b) Philippine Literature in Spanish Colonial Period:
Great social and political changes in the world worked together to make Balagtas’ Career as poet possible. The industrial revolution had caused a great movement of
Commerce in the globe, creating wealth and the opportunity for material improvement in the life of the working classes. With these great material changes, social values were transformed, allowing greater social mobility. In short, he was a child of the global bourgeois revolution. Liberal ideas, in time, broke class — and, in the Philippines — even racial barriers (Medina). The word Filipino, which used to refer to a restricted group (i.e., Spaniards born in the Philippines) expanded to include not only the acculturated wealthy Chinese mestizo but also the acculturated Indio (Medina). Balagtas was one of the First Indios to become a Filipino.
c) Philippine Literature In American Period:
Free public education made knowledge and information accessible to a great number of Filipinos. Those who availed of this education through college were able to improve their social status and joined a good number of educated masses who became part of the country’s middle class. Moreover,
The use of English as the medium of instruction introduced Filipinos to Anglo- American modes of thought, culture, and life ways that would be embedded not only in the literature produced but also in the psyche of the country’s educated class. It was this educated class that would be the wellspring of vibrant Philippine Literature in English. Furthermore, the separate, yet parallel developments of Philippine literature in English and those in Tagalog and other languages of the archipelago during the American period only prove that literature and writing in whatever language and in whatever climate can survive mainly through the active imagination of writers.
3.3. How have these literary periods shaped our (a) ideological perspectives, (b) societal values, (c) and political views? Discuss each.
A. Early Philippine Literature:
As a youth, I can say that literature has an extensive impact on our developing society. Moreover, during the early Philippine literary periods, some songs symbolize different occasions and celebrate/grief through songs. Furthermore, amabahan used to narrate usual folk experiences, which is still happening now. Additionally, this era develops the importance of looking back at one’s roots and origins and one’s debt of gratitude to those who have contributed to personal success - Filipinos have used this good attitude that was developed and has made a good impact on unity.
B. Philippine Literature In Spanish Colonial Period:
In this era, Christianity arises from here. The conquistadors led this era, especially their ecclesiastical arm, trying to destroy written literature and replacing it with the story of the Passion of Christ. Church authorities have managed politics, and religious orders are managing the printing press; thus, religious themes dominated the culture of the Christianized majority. Freedom wasn't visible in this era since they encouraged people to change their writings. Published literature was about the story of God's life and passion. Ironically — and perhaps just because of its profound influence on the popular imagination — as an artifact, it marks the beginning of the end of the old mythological culture and conversion to the new paradigm introduced by the colonial power.
C. Philippine Literature in American Period:
In this American period, and as education and culture became essential; thus, those who accessed free public education improved their knowledge. The interest in this era is using multi-languages in any literary form. The use of English as a medium of instruction introduced Filipinos to Anglo- American modes of thought, culture, and life ways that would be embedded not only in the literature produced but also in the psyche of the country’s educated class. Then, as a result of the colonization, the Philippine literature was imitative to the Americans. The writers in this era are starting to do poets; thus, early poets manifested studied attempts at versification as in the following poem, which is proof of the poet’s rather elementary exercise in the English language. They are starting to talk over how primitive literature is, especially in society. The day-to- day discourse on politics and governments became English, and journalists writing Spanish in a newspaper are starting to write it in English. Literature has enhanced in this era since the literary output
Of all major languages in the various literary genre happened here. This era is the evidence that no matter what language and climate, as long as we have creative minds.
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